{"id":19694,"date":"2021-04-28T09:23:10","date_gmt":"2021-04-28T09:23:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neuraxpharm.com\/it\/?p=19694"},"modified":"2022-02-15T10:32:58","modified_gmt":"2022-02-15T10:32:58","slug":"8-veci-ktore-by-ste-mali-vediet-o-epilepsii-zakladne-fakty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.neuraxpharm.com\/sk\/blog\/8-veci-ktore-by-ste-mali-vediet-o-epilepsii-zakladne-fakty","title":{"rendered":"8 vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 by ste mali vedie\u0165 o epilepsii: z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 fakty"},"content":{"rendered":"

Epilepsia je ochorenie centr\u00e1lneho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, ktor\u00e9 postihuje viac ako 50 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed na celom svete, sp\u00f4sobuje im fyzick\u00e9 utrpenie, emocion\u00e1lny stres a ohrozuje ich n\u00e1deje a sny.<\/p>\n

Nerozli\u0161uje medzi \u013eu\u010fmi a postihuje v\u0161etky rasy, pohlavia a etnik\u00e1, a hoci sa \u010dastej\u0161ie vyskytuje u det\u00ed a \u013eud\u00ed star\u0161\u00edch ako 65 rokov, m\u00f4\u017ee sa objavi\u0165 v ka\u017edom veku a zosta\u0165 celo\u017eivotn\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Existuje pomoc \u2013 z\u00e1chvaty sa u v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iny \u013eud\u00ed zastavia alebo zmiernia pomocou liekov proti epilepsii (AED), ktor\u00e9 predpisuj\u00fa lek\u00e1ri. Existuje n\u00e1dej \u2013 v\u00fdskumom sa de\u0161ifruje p\u00f4vod a dr\u00e1hy v mozgu s cie\u013eom podnecova\u0165 v\u00fdvoj liekov a zlep\u0161i\u0165 lie\u010dbu.<\/p>\n

\u010co viete o epilepsii?<\/h2>\n

Vedeck\u00fd v\u00fdskum n\u00e1m pomohol lep\u0161ie pochopi\u0165 zlo\u017eit\u00fa fyziol\u00f3giu mozgu a objasni\u0165 niektor\u00e9 mechanizmy, ktor\u00e9 sa podie\u013eaj\u00fa na vzniku epilepsie, a lokalizova\u0165 ohnisko z\u00e1chvatov v mozgu. Objavy tie\u017e uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee epilepsia je r\u00f4znorod\u00e1 skupina zriedkav\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa nie\u010do spolo\u010dn\u00e9 \u2013 predispoz\u00edciu k z\u00e1chvatom.<\/p>\n

V \u0161t\u00fadi\u00e1ch genetiky, zmien metabolizmu, abnormal\u00edt v \u0161trukt\u00fare mozgu, imunitn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a infek\u010dn\u00fdch ochoren\u00ed sa identifikuj\u00fa potenci\u00e1lne sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a\u010de z\u00e1chvatov a met\u00f3dy na upokojenie alebo neutraliz\u00e1ciu ich \u00fa\u010dinkov.<\/p>\n

\u00daloha g\u00e9nov m\u00e1 jednozna\u010dn\u00fd vplyv \u2013 za posledn\u00e9 tri roky bolo s epilepsiou novo spojen\u00fdch 50 g\u00e9nov1<\/sup>, ale ich vz\u0165ahy v kombin\u00e1cii so zmenami v \u0161trukt\u00fare mozgu s\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00e9 a \u0165a\u017eko definovate\u013en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Dobrou spr\u00e1vou v\u0161ak je, \u017ee z\u00edskavanie vedomost\u00ed ur\u00fdch\u013euje v\u00fdvoj cielen\u00fdch liekov a zvy\u0161uje n\u00e1dej, \u017ee bude k dispoz\u00edcii viac lie\u010dob. Je nevyhnutn\u00e9 z\u00edska\u0165 spr\u00e1vnu lie\u010dbu a vyvin\u00fa\u0165 nov\u00e9 terapie, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017enia \u013eu\u010fom s epilepsiou \u017ei\u0165 bezpe\u010dn\u00fd a plnohodnotn\u00fd \u017eivot bez preru\u0161enia kari\u00e9ry.<\/p>\n

Je tu ve\u013ek\u00e1 n\u00e1dej. \u010cak\u00e1 n\u00e1s e\u0161te ve\u013ea pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n

8 vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 by ste mali vedie\u0165 o epilepsii<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. Je to porucha centr\u00e1lneho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Epilepsia je neurologick\u00e9 ochorenie, ktor\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1va abnorm\u00e1lnu mozgov\u00fa aktivitu, ale nie je du\u0161evn\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm.<\/p>\n

    \u0160tatistiky s\u00fa zar\u00e1\u017eaj\u00face: pod\u013ea \u0161tatist\u00edk WHO2<\/sup>,<\/em> trp\u00ed epilepsiou viac ako \u0161es\u0165 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed z 850 mili\u00f3nov obyvate\u013eov v 53 eur\u00f3pskych krajin\u00e1ch, pri\u010dom ka\u017ed\u00fd rok sa diagnostikuje 300 000 nov\u00fdch pr\u00edpadov. Organiz\u00e1cia Epilepsy Alliance Europe sa domnieva, \u017ee a\u017e 40 percent pacientov dost\u00e1va vhodn\u00fa lie\u010dbu3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

    Uv\u00e1dza: \u201eVplyv epilepsie \u010faleko presahuje z\u00e1chvaty, preto\u017ee medzera v lie\u010dbe je ve\u013ek\u00e1, pochopenie verejnosti je obmedzen\u00e9 a soci\u00e1lna stigma sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee \u013eudia s epilepsiou \u017eij\u00fa v izol\u00e1cii.\u201c<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Nie v\u0161etky z\u00e1chvaty zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa k\u0155\u010de, m\u00f4\u017eu sa prejavi\u0165 ako pocity odpojenia alebo zm\u00e4tenosti.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Existuje viac ako 40 r\u00f4znych typov z\u00e1chvatov4<\/sup>, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vyvolan\u00e9 n\u00e1hlymi, intenz\u00edvnymi v\u00fdbuchmi elektrickej aktivity v mozgu a tie nar\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa sign\u00e1ly pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00face pokyny do tela. Tieto zm\u00e4to\u010dn\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy m\u00f4\u017eu vyvola\u0165 \u0161irok\u00fa \u0161k\u00e1lu z\u00e1chvatov, od k\u0155\u010dov cez v\u00fdpadky pam\u00e4te a\u017e po odpadnutie, a trvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne dlho.<\/p>\n

      \u010casto prich\u00e1dzaj\u00fa bez varovania alebo len s mal\u00fdm varovan\u00edm a m\u00f4\u017eu sa prejavova\u0165 od mierneho pocitu odpojenia alebo zm\u00e4tenosti, necitlivosti alebo por\u00fach videnia a\u017e po stuhnutos\u0165, trhav\u00e9 pohyby a stratu vedomia.<\/p>\n

      \u013dudia s epilepsiou m\u00f4\u017eu za\u017e\u00edva\u0165 viac ako jeden typ z\u00e1chvatu. Epilepsia je u ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dloveka in\u00e1 a jej pr\u00ed\u010diny s\u00fa zlo\u017eit\u00e9 a \u0165a\u017eko sa diagnostikuj\u00fa.<\/p>\n

      Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto m\u00e1 vysok\u00fa hor\u00fa\u010dku, n\u00edzku alebo vysok\u00fa hladinu cukru v krvi, odvyk\u00e1 si od alkoholu alebo drog\/liekov alebo m\u00e1 \u00faraz mozgu, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 n\u00e1chyln\u00fd na jednorazov\u00fd z\u00e1chvat, ale to nie je epilepsia. Epilepsia sa diagnostikuje a\u017e vtedy, ke\u010f sa vyskytn\u00fa dva alebo viac nevyprovokovan\u00fdch z\u00e1chvatov a lek\u00e1r sa domnieva, \u017ee sa m\u00f4\u017eu vyskytn\u00fa\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie.<\/p>\n

      Stanovenie diagn\u00f3zy je vstupnou br\u00e1nou k zvl\u00e1dnutiu tohto ochorenia a pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu \u013eud\u00ed k vr\u00e1teniu sa k svojmu \u017eivotu.<\/p>\n

      Svetov\u00e1 zdravotn\u00edcka organiz\u00e1cia odhaduje, \u017ee a\u017e 70 % \u013eud\u00ed s epilepsiou by mohlo \u017ei\u0165 bez z\u00e1chvatov, ak by boli spr\u00e1vne diagnostikovan\u00ed a lie\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Niektor\u00ed \u013eudia zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa pri vedom\u00ed, zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00ed str\u00e1caj\u00fa vedomie.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Lek\u00e1ri rozde\u013euj\u00fa z\u00e1chvaty do skup\u00edn, \u010do im pom\u00e1ha pri predpisovan\u00ed vhodnej lie\u010dby, ale stret\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa obrovsk\u00fdm mno\u017estvom r\u00f4znych pr\u00edznakov. Na typ vyvolan\u00e9ho z\u00e1chvatu bude ma\u0165 vplyv oblas\u0165, kde doch\u00e1dza k intenz\u00edvnej elektrickej aktivite.<\/p>\n

        Z\u00e1chvaty absencie (nepr\u00edtomnosti)<\/em><\/strong> sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa, \u017ee \u010dlovek je nepr\u00edtomn\u00fd alebo nereaguje a m\u00f4\u017ee sa zda\u0165, \u017ee \u201esn\u00edva\u201c. Nemus\u00ed si ani v\u0161imn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee do\u0161lo k z\u00e1chvatu.<\/p>\n

        Tonicko-klonick\u00e9<\/em><\/strong> z\u00e1chvaty <\/em><\/strong>sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa, \u017ee telo \u010dloveka stuhne a \u010dlovek upadne do bezvedomia, \u010dasto pad\u00e1 dozadu a takto zost\u00e1va, k\u00fdm sa jeho svaly k\u0155\u010dovito s\u0165ahuj\u00fa a sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa trhav\u00e9 pohyby.<\/p>\n

        In\u00e9 z\u00e1chvaty m\u00f4\u017eu zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 n\u00e1hle z\u00e1\u0161klby, zatia\u013e \u010do niektor\u00ed \u013eudia sa len zosun\u00fa. Niektor\u00ed \u013eudia trpia kombin\u00e1ciou z\u00e1chvatov, zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00ed za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa len jeden typ. Lek\u00e1ri \u010dasto \u017eiadaj\u00fa o zaznamen\u00e1vanie z\u00e1chvatov do denn\u00edka, aby mohli sledova\u0165 frekvenciu a charakteristiky a mohli tak stanovi\u0165 presnej\u0161iu diagn\u00f3zu a pl\u00e1n lie\u010dby.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Pr\u00ed\u010dina epilepsie nie je u 50 % pacientov zn\u00e1ma.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Jasn\u00fdmi pr\u00ed\u010dinami z\u00e1chvatov s\u00fa \u00faraz, po\u0161kodenie mozgu pri naroden\u00ed, cievna mozgov\u00e1 pr\u00edhoda alebo infekcia, ale pribli\u017ene v polovici v\u0161etk\u00fdch pr\u00edpadov je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 zdroj. Mozog vysiela m\u00e4t\u00face mno\u017estvo a skupinu elektrick\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov na ovl\u00e1danie tela a tento zlo\u017eit\u00fd obvod je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 analyzova\u0165.<\/p>\n

          Vy\u0161etrenia magnetickou rezonanciou (MRI) m\u00f4\u017eu identifikova\u0165 zdroj mozgovej aktivity a poskytn\u00fa\u0165 viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o p\u00f4vode epilepsie, ale pr\u00ed\u010dina pribli\u017ene 50 % pr\u00edpadov zost\u00e1va nezn\u00e1ma.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Epilepsia nie je du\u0161evn\u00e9 ochorenie.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Preva\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina \u013eud\u00ed s t\u00fdmto ochoren\u00edm nem\u00e1 \u017eiadne kognit\u00edvne ani psychick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. Na z\u00e1klade v\u00fdskumov sa v\u0161ak odhaduje, \u017ee 35 % \u013eud\u00ed s epilepsiou trp\u00ed depresiou z d\u00f4vodu \u0165a\u017ekost\u00ed so zvl\u00e1dan\u00edm z\u00e1chvatov a vplyvu na ich osobn\u00fd a pracovn\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n

            Toto ochorenie m\u00f4\u017ee vyvola\u0165 \u00fazkos\u0165 a v\u00fdskumn\u00e1 \u0161t\u00fadia dospela k z\u00e1veru, \u017ee u dospel\u00fdch s akt\u00edvnou epilepsiou je trikr\u00e1t vy\u0161\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165 hl\u00e1senia depresie ako u pacientov bez tohto ochorenia5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            \u010eal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdskum uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee oblasti mozgu zodpovedn\u00e9 za z\u00e1chvaty m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 vplyv na n\u00e1ladu a \u017ee zn\u00e1\u0161anie stigmy epilepsie a jej negat\u00edvneho vplyvu na pr\u00e1cu a vz\u0165ahy m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k stresu a \u00fazkosti.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Fotosenzitivita (citlivos\u0165 na svetlo) z vystavenia blikaj\u00facemu alebo mihotaj\u00facemu svetlu m\u00f4\u017ee vyvola\u0165 z\u00e1chvat u troch percent \u013eud\u00ed s epilepsiou.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Fotosenzit\u00edvnu epilepsiu m\u00f4\u017ee vyvola\u0165 svetlo, ktor\u00e9 blik\u00e1 alebo mihot\u00e1 s frekvenciou 16 a\u017e 25-kr\u00e1t za sekundu, hoci u niektor\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed to m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 len 3-kr\u00e1t za sekundu. Blikaj\u00face obrazy a vzory m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 r\u00f4zne, od svetiel bicyklov a viano\u010dn\u00fdch svetiel a\u017e po telev\u00edzne obrazovky a stroboskopy.<\/p>\n

              \u010castej\u0161ie sa vyskytuje u det\u00ed vo veku od 7 do 19 rokov s mierne vy\u0161\u0161ou pravdepodobnos\u0165ou vzniku fotosenzit\u00edvnej epilepsie u \u017eien ako u mu\u017eov.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Hlavn\u00fdmi faktormi, ktor\u00e9 vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa epilepsiu u seniorov, s\u00fa cievna mozgov\u00e1 pr\u00edhoda a Alzheimerova choroba. <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \u013dudia s Alzheimerovou chorobou maj\u00fa zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 riziko epilepsie a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich ju pre\u017e\u00edva sk\u00f4r ako kr\u00e1tke obdobia amn\u00e9zie alebo nereagovania ne\u017e fyzicky zrejm\u00e9 z\u00e1chvaty. Pr\u00ed\u010dinou vzniku m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 zmeny v \u0161trukt\u00fare mozgu sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 odumieran\u00edm buniek a zmen\u0161ovan\u00edm mozgu, ktor\u00e9 s\u00favis\u00ed s vekom.<\/p>\n

                O\u010dak\u00e1va sa, \u017ee po\u010det \u013eud\u00ed na celom svete vo veku nad 65 rokov sa do roku 2050 zv\u00fd\u0161i z dne\u0161n\u00fdch pribli\u017ene dev\u00e4\u0165 percent na 17 percent (1,6 miliardy).<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Lieky proti epilepsii (AED) kontroluj\u00fa toto ochorenie u 70 percent \u013eud\u00ed t\u00fdm, \u017ee zni\u017euj\u00fa elektrick\u00fa aktivitu v nervov\u00fdch bunk\u00e1ch mozgu.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Lek\u00e1ri maj\u00fa k dispoz\u00edcii viac ako 20 AED, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu predp\u00edsa\u0165 na kontrolu epilepsie. Nelie\u010dia ochorenie, ale kontroluj\u00fa hladiny chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok v mozgu, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa elektrick\u00fa aktivitu a potenci\u00e1lne z\u00e1chvaty.<\/p>\n

                  U pribli\u017ene 60 % \u013eud\u00ed s epilepsiou prv\u00fd predp\u00edsan\u00fd liek zastav\u00ed z\u00e1chvaty pomerne r\u00fdchlo, ale u niektor\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed trv\u00e1 dlh\u0161ie, k\u00fdm zareaguj\u00fa, a m\u00f4\u017eu potrebova\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00ed liek6<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

                  Epilepsia a spolo\u010dnos\u0165<\/h3>\n

                  Osobn\u00e1 a spolo\u010densk\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e je obrovsk\u00e1, ale mozog je najmenej presk\u00faman\u00fdm a pochopen\u00fdm prvkom \u013eudskej biol\u00f3gie, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pokrok sa dosahuje \u0165a\u017eko a nie je tak r\u00fdchly ako v in\u00fdch oblastiach medic\u00edny. Bola to dlh\u00e1 cesta od gr\u00e9ckeho filozofa Hippokrata (460 \u2013 377 pred Kr.), ktor\u00fd presadzoval te\u00f3riu, \u017ee epilepsia s\u00favis\u00ed s mozgom, a\u017e po modern\u00fa technol\u00f3giu, ktor\u00e1 vyu\u017e\u00edva neurologick\u00e9 zobrazovanie na otvorenie okna do nervov\u00fdch funkci\u00ed.<\/p>\n

                  Epilepsia je v Eur\u00f3pe po Alzheimerovej chorobe a cievnej mozgovej pr\u00edhode tret\u00edm naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edm neurologick\u00fdm ochoren\u00edm a zost\u00e1va ochoren\u00edm, ktor\u00e9 vn\u00e1\u0161a do \u017eivota \u013eud\u00ed neistotu a naru\u0161enie, pri\u010dom predstavuje aj zna\u010dn\u00fa z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e pre syst\u00e9my zdravotnej starostlivosti a n\u00e1rodn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1rstva.<\/p>\n

                   <\/p>\n

                  Referencie:<\/h3>\n

                  (1) Hebbar M, Mefford HC. Recent advances in epilepsy genomics and genetic testing.\u00a0F1000Res<\/em>. 2020; 9: F1000 Faculty Rev-185. Published 2020 Mar 12. doi: 10.12688\/f1000research.21366.1<\/p>\n

                  (2) World Health Organization. Epilepsy. Accessed January 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/epilepsy<\/a><\/p>\n

                  (3) Epilepsy Alliance Europe. Background. Accessed January 2021. https:\/\/www.epilepsyallianceeurope.org\/about\/background\/<\/a><\/p>\n

                  (4) Epilepsy Society. Epilepsy facts and myths. Accessed January 2021. https:\/\/epilepsysociety.org.uk\/facts-and-statistics<\/a><\/p>\n

                  (5) Kobau R, Gilliam F, Thurman DJ. Prevalence of self-reported epilepsy or seizure disorder and its associations with self-reported depression and anxiety: results from the 2004 HealthStyles Survey. Epilepsia. 2006; 47(11): 1915-1921. doi:10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00612.x<\/p>\n

                  (6) Goldenberg MM. Overview of drugs used for epilepsy and seizures: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. P T. 2010;35(7):392-415.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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